Karl Heinrich Brugsch: Pioneer of Demotic Script and Egyptology

Karl Heinrich Brugsch, born on February 18, 1827, in Berlin, was a pioneering German Egyptologist renowned for his exceptional work in deciphering the Demotic script, a simplified writing system used in later Egyptian periods. Brugsch’s passion for Egyptology was evident from a young age, and by the time he was 16, he had already made a significant mark by publishing his first work on the Egyptian language, showcasing his early mastery of a field that was still in its infancy. This early start set the stage for a distinguished career that would span several decades.

Brugsch’s career trajectory was notably influenced by the support of the esteemed German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt, who recognized the young scholar’s potential and supported his early publications. Humboldt's encouragement played a crucial role in Brugsch’s development, facilitating his travels and providing him with the resources necessary to pursue his research. This support was instrumental when, in 1853, Brugsch was sent to Egypt by the Prussian government. During this period, he collaborated with the renowned French Egyptologist Auguste Mariette on excavations at Memphis, an ancient capital of Egypt. This collaboration was a defining moment in Brugsch’s career, allowing him to engage directly with the material culture of ancient Egypt and further hone his expertise.

In 1864, Brugsch was appointed as the Prussian consul in Cairo, a position that allowed him to deepen his engagement with Egyptian antiquities. He later became a professor at the University of Göttingen, where he continued his scholarly work. His most significant academic achievement was the publication of the seven-volume "Hieroglyphic-Demotic Dictionary" (1868-1882), a monumental work that remains a cornerstone in Egyptology. Additionally, in 1863, he founded the influential journal "Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde," which became a leading platform for scholarly discourse in the field.

Brugsch’s dedication to Egyptology was recognized by the Khedive of Egypt, who bestowed upon him the title of Pasha in 1881, an honor that underscored his contributions to the understanding of Egyptian history and culture. Despite the political challenges of his time, Brugsch remained committed to his work until his death on September 9, 1894, in Charlottenburg, near Berlin. His legacy endures not only through his extensive writings but also through the foundational work he did in deciphering ancient Egyptian scripts, which continues to influence the field to this day.
Karl Heinrich Brugsch: Pioneer of Demotic Script and Egyptology

Emile Clement Amelineau (1850-1915)

Emile Clement Amelineau, French archeologist and Professor of the History of Religions at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes in Paris.

Emile Amelineau is known to have discovered Osiris’s burial place and tomb at Abydos and his skull in the necropolis in a jar. He was able to identify the names of the 16 kings more ancient perhaps than Menes.

He found tombs of four kings: Ka, Den, the Serpent King Djet and another whose name has not been deciphered.

In an effort to assist the historical investigation of Shenoute, Emile Amelineau is undertook an ambitious project to publish first a corpus of Coptic and Arabic texts all more or less relevant to Shenoute, the Shenoute’s own work. Shenoute is the founder of Coptic monasticism.
Emile Clement Amelineau (1850-1915)

Biography of William Matthew Flinders Petrie

William Matthew Flinders Petrie (3 June 1853 – 28 July 1942) was educated at home by his mother, the daughter of the explorer Mathew Flinders and his father a civil engineer.

In his teens he started surveying earthworks and ancient monuments, and with his father he made plans of Stonehenge.

Petrie developed a fascination with the Egyptian pyramids, both from his work at the museum and curiously from Piazzi Smyth, the author of a crackpot volume, Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid.

Petrie resolved to learn the truth about pyramids, and in 1880 he sailed to Alexandria and so began a six decade career as one of England’s greatest Egyptologists.

Among the leading Egyptologists of his day, Petrie excavated over fifty sites and trained a generation of archeologists.

Petrie’s most important discoveries are recounted, including his unearthing of the Merneptah Stele, some of the earliest evidence of mummification and elements of Greek and Roman cultural influence in Egypt.

The Pyramid Survey 1880-82, Petrie’s first book, enhanced his reputation considerably within the narrow community of Egyptologists, despite his lack of a formal education.

In 1892 Petrie was appointed to the chair of Egyptology at University College London, which was endowed by the will of his patron Miss Amelia Edwards.
Biography of William Matthew Flinders Petrie